The year 1979 marked the genesis of computerization of libraries in Malaysia. In that year, the MALMARC (Malaysian Machine Readable Cataloguing) trial project was launched and subsequently became operational in 1979. The MALMARC system is basically a project for cooperative processing of library materials. The MALMARC consortium members cooperatively acquire British Library and Library of Congress databases for use in shared cataloguing and copy-cataloguing processing of library materials in accordance with MALMARC format. The MALMARC system is coordinated and maintained by the Universiti Sains Malaysia Library on behalf of the participating libraries which now comprise of the libraries of the Universiti Sains Malaysia, the Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, the Universiti Malaya, the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, the Universiti Utara Malaysia and the National Library of Malaysia.

Though the MALMARC system has its problems as in any batch processing system, it has nevertheless been operating smoothly and effectively, and is an achievement to be proud of by Malaysian Libraries. The MALMARC system now has a database of about 450,000 records with an annual record growth of approximately 80,000.

Individual institutional files or parts of the MALMARC database in magnetic tape can be loaded on to any local library system with minor customization. This to a certain extent facilitates the implementation processes of library automation.

The MALMARC database is expected to be taken over by the National Library which will serve as the nucleus of the national bibliographic database. This is also in line with the provisions of the National Library (Amendment) Act, 1987 [Act A 667] "to establish within the Library the National Bibliographic Centre for the maintenance of the national bibliographic network, the national bibliographic database and the provision of national bibliographic and documentation services" [Part 4(1)d(ii)]. This process of taking over the MALMARC project is now in a planning stage.

Until 1978 no library in Malaysia had computer facilities except the Universiti Sains Malaysia Library which had access to computer facilities from the University's Computer Centre. The survey conducted by the National Library of Malaysia in 1985 for the publication of Malaysian Databases: Directory of Institutional Resources shows that 67 institutions from Government Agencies do have computer facilities. Among these institutions 30 institutions have mainframe facilities, 26 institutions have minicomputers, 44 institutions have both microcomputers and/either mainframe or minicomputer facilities and 11 institutions have only microcomputers. It is interesting to note that only 10 libraries, mainly Research institutions and University libraries have access to either mainframes or minicomputers from their parent organizations. Only 2 libraries have microcomputers - the National Library of Malaysia has a Radio-Shack TRS-80 microcomputer which was mainly used for the production of Malaysian Newspaper Index and a public library uses a micro for simulation educational games, rather than for any specific library application.

The software commonly being used among research institution libraries is the MINISIS system, a system developed by IDRC which runs on an HP3000 computer. In those institutions having an IBM mainframe, STAIRS is commonly used. Library applications developed include: indexing of journal articles, maintaining research profiles, directories of relevant information centres, and maintaining staff lists. No library used any integrated library software package at the time.

The results of the survey conducted by the National Library in January 1989 to determine the level of computerization among Malaysian Libraries show that there is an increasing number of libraries in Malaysia using microcomputers. There are more than 37 libraries having microcomputers, with a total of 69 microcomputers installation amongst them. IBM-AT and IBM-XT microcomputers are still the leading microcomputer brands being used among these libraries other than IBM compatibles such as HP-Vectra, Sperry, Compaq Desktop, and Turbo. Many libraries have indicated that they are in the process of acquiring microcomputers within 1 to 2 years.

About 95% of microcomputer users use DOS for Operating Systems. Software commonly used for library applications are DBase II and DBase III, mainly for indexing newspapers, journal articles, acts and statutes. Lotus 1-2-3 is commonly used for financial management of the library budget. Wordstar is used for report writing, compiling bibliographies or membership lists, inventory control, mailing list and other administrative purposes. CDS/ISIS microversion is now increasingly being used for various library applications.

The Universiti Sains Malaysia has developed several databases using the CDS/ISIS software package:

• MIDAS (Maklumat Industri dan Sains = Industrial and Scientific Information). This database is an up-to-date index of all Malaysian journal articles related to Industry and Science and contains approximately 5,000 records and services both students and local entrepreneurs.

• Database of Publications by USM Academic Staff. Contains 2,000 records of research publications.

• Database of United Nations Serial Publications. This contains about 2,000 records and was published in hard copy in 1988.

• Database of Legal Deposit Materials located at USM. The library has been designated as Distributed Centre for legal deposit materials by the National Library of Malaysia. This database was began in 1988 and has currently about 1,000 records.

The results of a separate survey conducted in 1987 to determine the use of CD-ROM among libraries indicates that 6 institutions are using CD-ROM databases with microcomputers. These are libraries of the Universiti Malaya, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Universiti Utara Malaysia and MARA Institute of Technology. Databases used include MEDLARS for the Medical faculty libraries of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and Universiti Sains Malaysia. The LIFE SCIENCE Database is used by the Universiti Sains Malaysia, UMI DISSERTATION ABSTRACTS and ABI/INFORM by the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, ASFA and ERIC by the Universiti Pertanian, Books-in-Print and Ulrich's Plus by Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Utara Malaysia, and MARA Institute of Technology. Two libraries are using bibliofile for retrospective conversion. The National Library is in the process of acquiring a

CD-ROM drive for use in reference service and retrospective conversion.

At present major libraries in Malaysia are using a variety of integrated library software packages for library automation. The Universiti Sains Malaysia uses DOBIS/LIBIS for its library operations. DOBIS/LIBIS runs on an IBM 4730 at the University Computer Centre. The Universiti Pertanian Malaysia library and the National Library of Malaysia use the VTLS library package which runs on HP3000 and HP950 respectively. The Sabah State Library uses the URICA System from McDonnell Douglas. Shell Malaysia Trading Sdn. Bhd library, InforCraft library and Universiti Utara Malaysia Library use the SISPUKOM integrated library system, a locally developed library software package developed by NEC and MARA Institute of Technology. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia is developing its own integrated library system.

Given this scenario where different libraries use different software packages, our future approach towards developing a National Bibliographic Network would be a distributed library network whereby microcomputers and terminals from different libraries will be able to link with each other within a Malaysian Library network system. A technical committee has been set up to study problems of computer incompatibilities and to find ways to overcome the situation.
 
 

2. AUTOMATION OF THE NATIONAL LIBRARY

Involvement in the MALMARC system marks the advent of computerization in the National Library of Malaysia. No computer facilities were used and input sheets for newly acquired items were sent to the MALMARC Centre for processing.

In 1982 the National Library acquired a Radio-Shack TRS-80 microcomputer which was used solely for the production of the Malaysian Newspaper Index. In 1984, a microcomputer Apple IIe was donated to the National Library and used mainly for production of reports, minutes of meeting and maintaining simple staff lists and mailing lists of libraries in the country. In 1986, as a result of a UNESCO report on the Automation of the National Library of Malaysia, IDRC presented MINISIS software to the National Library of Malaysia and Hewlett Packard Sales (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. donated three HP-terminals and a HP-printer with free use of CPU-time at HP headquarters. MINISIS system is being used for the production of Malaysian Periodicals Index which is published annually. In 1987 the National Library acquired three IBM microcomputers, i.e one IBM-AT, two IBM-XT and Laserjet II+ printer. One of the microcomputers is used for accessing external databases and the other two are being used for inputting cataloguing data on diskette for merging into MALMARC databases.

A significant development took place on 12 November, 1988, when the National Library signed a contract with SOLSIS Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. for the acquisition of VTLS system and HP 950 computer on a turnkey basis. The hardware configuration includes: HP Series 950 with 64MB CPU Memory; 4 unit 571 MB Disc Drives; 2 unit (6250/600 bpi) tape Drives 23 unit Alphanumeric Terminals; 2 unit ALA Character Terminals; 5 unit Vectra microcomputers; l unit 900 lpm printer with HP-IB Interface printer stand with barcode printing capabilities; 8 unit Barcode readers; 4 unit RuggedWriter Printers; 4 unit ALA Character Printers; 2 Distributed Terminal Controllers; 2 unit x.25 Multiplexers; 4 unit RS-422 Connections (8 ports); 2 unit RS-232 Connections (8 ports). The software package included is the Virginia Tech Library System and the MPE/XL operating system. VTLS software encompasses acquisition, cataloguing, serial management, circulation and OPAC functions. The next phase of development which is now in the pipeline, is the creation of a National Bibliographic Network among libraries in Malaysia and the MALMARC system will serve as the nucleus. The National Library of Malaysia will undertake the task of coordination.

3. APPLICATIONS OF MICROCOMPUTER IN THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MALAYSIA

Automation in the National Library has proceeded in stages in order to build staff capability as well as to create an environment conducive for automation. Since 1982 staff involvement has been confined to micro and mini-computer systems. The following are some detailed discussions on the use of microcomputers in the National Library of Malaysia.

3.1. Production of the Malaysian Newspaper Index

Articles from local newspapers provide valuable and important sources of research materials in various fields such as historical, socio-economic, scientific, industrial technological, cultural, educational, sports or entertainment fields. Newspapers record current events taking place at local, national and international level and chronicle the political situation of a country and its effects on the socio-economic life of the people. They provides valuable information on public interests or opinions on various current issues. In a developing country like Malaysia where publishing industry is still in developmental stage, news from newspapers is often the only source of documented information available pertaining to particular issues. Often articles from newspapers are used for evidence in legal cases. Indexing of newspaper articles thus provides very powerful bibliographical control for information resources in the country.

The indexing of Malaysian newspapers started in 1979 with the indexing of 2 leading newspapers namely the New Straits Times and Utusan Malaysia. In 1981 another title, namely the Star was indexed and in 1984 another title namely Berita Harian was also indexed. Selected articles pertaining to Malaysia were indexed for inclusion in the the Malaysian Newspaper Index which is published semiannual. The major problem faced by the library for producing the index is maintaining timeliness. This is due to the tediousness of producing the indexes in manual form particularly in the process of typing and sorting cards, editing, re-editing and re-typing the entries for publications. There are about 60 articles per issue of each newspaper to be indexed daily. This means that for each publication about 7,500 entries have to be indexed, typed, edited, retyped and sorted in a presentable form before being sent for printing.

Using microcomputers can free the indexer from mechanical tasks in order to concentrate on the important intellectual work of digesting the content of the articles, determining appropriate subjecting heading, creating thesauri and descriptors, and establishing authority control.

In 1982, a sum of R$50,000 (US$20,000) was allocated to acquire a computer system for indexing of newspaper articles for publication.

At that time, there was no vendor in Malaysia that had a special software package which catered for an indexing system. A number of local computer vendors were called to submit their proposal to develop a special software that handled indexing of Malaysian newspapers.

The Library decided to accept the proposal from NIE Computers Sdn. Bhd. which developed a special " newspaper indexing" software. BASIC is used to develop the software which runs on a Radio-Shack TRS-80 microcomputer Model II with 64K CPU microcomputer and single-disc drives. The OASIS Multiusers Operating System that comes with it allows the microcomputer to link to 4 additional terminals, a 20 megabytes Corvus hard disc and a Qume daisywheel printer. However, at the moment, only two terminals are linked up to the system.

The menu-driven Newspaper Indexing System has the following capabilities; inputting of newspaper articles, printing of transaction proof indexing copy, editing transaction file, posting transaction to intermediate file, merging of master file, editing master file, processing master file and printing index master file.

Creation of new records of newspaper articles is accomplished by entering index data in a special screen design form which includes such fields as subject heading, subheading, news headlines, name of newspapers, date of publication, column number and pagination. The system allows editing and modifying of each entry and printing the transaction proof copy for editing purposes before it can be posted to the intermediate file or merging to master file. The program prints the indexing entries in two columns with bold type-face for each subject heading which are arranged in alphabetical order.

Articles under each subject heading too, are arranged in alphabetical order. The utilities added to the program include:

• maintenance of archive data file, which allows copying of the user data files from the hard disk onto the floppy discs.

• restoration of data files from floppy discs back to hard disk. This function is useful for restoring faulty or corrupted files on hard disc so that backup disc files from floppy disc can be restored back to hard disc.

The newspaper indexing system has been in operation for the last seven years and is still working very well. It has produced more than 30 issues of Malaysian Newspapers Indexes in both languages, English and Bahasa Malaysia. Printing of publication is done at the commercial printing press by submitting final camera-ready printing copy produced by the microcomputer on Qume printer. The only drawback that the library faces now is that the source code was not given to the library when the software was acquired. Maintenance and any enhancement required has to be referred to the same vendor. Because of high turn-over of staff within the company, it is difficult to maintain the software continuously.

3.2. Cataloguing and Production of Malaysian National Bibliography

Cataloguing is a highly labour-intensive and vital activity which provides the means of access to library resources available in the library. Cataloguing work involves the work of creating standardized bibliographic information that has to be accessible by at least 4 access points namely by subject, by author, by title, and by series name. Manual cataloguing involves creation of multiple entries, continuous amendment of entries, filling in voluminous cards; deletions and additions as a consequence of new acquisitions, losses, damages and normal circulation. From 1966 to 1979, cataloguing of the library's collection and production of Malaysian National Bibliography was done in a manual form. Each cataloguing entry was typed on 3" by 5" cards which were than sorted and filed in the relevant catalogue cabinets. For the production of the Malaysian National Bibliography, cards are sorted and arranged accordingly on templates which were then photo-reduced to obtain a camera-ready copy. These were then sent to commercial printers for printing.

Automation of the cataloguing process for the library collection and for production at the Malaysian National Bibliography under the MALMARC system started in 1978 and 1982 respectively. However the MALMARC system is a batch processing system. Participating libraries submit control numbers of the new titles to be catalogued either by ISBN, LC number or Malaysian National Bibliography registration number to the MALMARC Centre which in turn will search through the BL or LC database or MALMARC databases. If there is a hit, a diagnostic sheet is produced and sent back to the respective library for inclusion of local modifications and then returned to the MALMARC Centre for merging into the MALMARC database. If there is no hit, original cataloguing will be prepared by the participating libraries using the MALMARC input sheet for submission to the MALMARC centre for processing. The by-product of the system is a Union Catalogue and institutional files in Comfiche. None of the consortium member libraries are ready to have an online linkup with the MALMARC computer system. Cost of telecommunications is a major factor. Furthermore the MALMARC system is a tape-based system and interactive online searching is not possible. The request for processing and diagnostic cycle by mail was a delaying factor.

Since 1986 when the Library acquired 3 additional microcomputers, it began to input cataloguing data on diskette for merging into the MALMARC Database. Wordstar 2000+ is used for data input for each original cataloguing entry. A specially-developed validity Check Programme, developed by the MALMARC Centre, is used in editing data before they are transferred onto the diskette and then mailed to the MALMARC Centre for merging into the MALMARC database. This process has greatly reduced the time lag in the diagnostic editing cycle, as cataloguing data on diskettes is "clean" data which has been edited and is ready for direct processing and merging onto the MALMARC database. The process reduces the act of sending diagnostic sheets to and fro for editing and thus reduces processing and CPU time.

3.3. Accessing External Databases

The availability of commercial databases has offered libraries access to greater resources than the library could possibly hold. With proper communication and telecommunication facilities, microcomputers can be used to link up to the databases. In 1984 Syarikat Telekom Malaysia introduced MAYPAC (Malaysian Packaging Switching Services). This makes it possible for libraries having microcomputers or terminals to access external databases, though at cost. Using microcomputers can reduce the telecommunication costs since search strategies can be designed off-line before logging into the relevant external databases.

The computerized information services is one of the reference services offered by the National Library to researchers for quick information retrieval in various subject fields. A microcomputer is being used to access external databases.

The Library is able to access the LIVEBASES and the Patent databases, two local databases, and DIALOG Information Services from Palo Alto, California. LIVEBASES, is an information package from Bernama News Agency which provides instant access to real-time KLSE (Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange) information services including listing of all stock reports, company performances, and company announcement. The packages also contains financial reports and performances of public-listed companies and also other corporate information. The Patent Database is a patent information service developed by SIRIM (Standard Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia) which is the depository centre for local and foreign patents. The National Library is in the process of acquiring CD-ROM drives which can be interfaced with microcomputers for accessing the rich variety of information resources now available on CD-ROM such as ERIC, MEDLARS, LC-Subject Heading and various reference sources such as encyclopedias, dictionaries etc.

3.4. Acquisition System

Computerizing the routine tasks of record keeping for order acquisition purposes would free the staff to be able to concentrate on collection building. The acquisition system of the VTLS known as VTLS Acquisition and Fund Accounting System is developed on microcomputers. Using ADVANCELINK, HP communication software, data created using microcomputer can be uploaded and downloaded to the main VTLS system on an HP computer. Hardware used for VTLS fund accounting system are an HP-Vectra microcomputer with hard disc, floppy disc drive, DOS 3.3 or DOS 3.2, serial communication ports for interfacing to VTLS/HP, and AOVANCELINK networking software for integrating with VTLS-HP.

The Acquisition and Fund Accounting System is a menu-driven system which makes full use of the microcomputer function keys for its operation. The modules in the system include vendor records and vendor performances, fund accounting, order record and order receipt status, claim status, invoice record and status, refunds or credit memos, payment record and payment status. Extensive 'help' facilities is available for each transaction. Access to the software and to various functions within the software is by user-id which is created for each staff member who uses the software. The user-id profile contains elements such as the staff name (limited to eight characters), password, and order authority for acquisition approval. Its file browsing facility allows staff to select from the VTLS main database various options for searching bibliographic records or viewing records to determine status of order, receipt or payment.

Bibliographic details created in the system include Bib-id, LCCN/ISBN/ISSN, call-number, author, title, Publication date, publisher, edition, volumes, and language. These bibliographic records can be downloaded from VTLS main system for copying purposes when making additional or duplicate copy or for uploading onto VTLS databases for further processing such as cataloguing when the items are finally acquired.

Its utilities allow adjustment of foreign country exchange rate which can be updated in accordance with the Bank Negara (National Bank) rate. It is also possible to download from any foreign database. The utilities also allows printing of purchase order, vendor performance reports, purchase order report, invoice report and claims refund memos in batch modes. It allows online review of reports and also off-line printing of reports.

3.5. Production of Reports, Minutes and Leaflets

Microcomputers are used in the National Library to produce reports, library specifications, file inventory, directories, minutes of meeting, and mailing lists. Wordstar is used for these purposes when graphic presentation is required such as producing leaflets and brochures for promoting library services, Diagramaster, a graphic software, is used. The National Library is also looking into the possibility of acquiring Desktop publishing software for the purpose of producing National Library bulletin and other publications.

Use of microcomputers has greatly reduced staff time required for retyping parts or major portions of the report after editing is done.

The text can be stored on floppy disks and loaded into the microcomputer when updating is required. The final product of the reports can be presented in a more presentable manner. Most typist in the library have been trained to use Wordstar. In fact, once they receive proper training they prefer to use the microcomputer rather than the typewriter when producing reports. This gives them the incentive to be more productive and qualitative. At present the National Library of Malaysia has developed a number of information systems using microcomputers.

3.6. Personnel System

As head of the Common User Scheme for Library Services the National Library is responsible for recruitment, placement, transfer, promotion and career development of library professionals and library assistants of the National Library and libraries of the Ministries and Federal Government Departments with the exception of the Parliament and the Ministry of Education Libraries.

As administrative head, the Library must maintain a complete up-to-date service record of individual staff under the Scheme. In a manual system, these records are kept in a book form or in folders/files. When an Apple IIe microcomputer was acquired, the Administration Division staff used Wordstar for maintaining a simple listing of personnel file of library staff according to seniority, place of work, date of appointment and a mailing list.

With the acquisition of three more additional microcomputers the Library is now developing a comprehensive personnel system using micro CDS/ISIS software. A complete up-to-date service record will be maintained which can be sorted and printed in various forms for better decision making in terms of placement and transfer of staff.

3.7. Training Package

The National Library of Malaysia provides training facilities for library professionals and sub-professionals staff under the purview of the Common User Scheme. Formal courses for library assistants and library officers are conducted by the Training Division of the National Library. The Training Division also coordinates and conducts visits to the National Library and is also responsible for making arrangements of attachments for officers from local and foreign institutions to libraries.

A Computer Appreciation module has been introduced in the syllabus for the Library Assistants Course I & II since 1986. A training package for a indexing system using CDS/ISIS is now being developed in order to give the course participants hands-on practical experience on the use of microcomputers. An indexing package is used because most of the special library staff do a lot of indexing work for current awareness services.

In order to keep up to date training records of library staff in the library and in the Common User Scheme, the Training Division is also developing training information system using micro CDS/ISIS. The data includes details of the personnel: place of works, courses/seminar/conference/workshop attended, professional interests, publications etc. This will enable the library to monitor training programmes for individual staff in order to develop specialized expertise among officers under the Common User Scheme. A directory of librarians can be easily produced from this database. Lecturers notes for circulation to course participants can also be easily updated and produced using wordprocessing packages.

3.8. Reference Enquiries Retrieval System

The Reference Division of the National Library is responsible for answering reference enquiries. These may be made over the telephone, in writing, through telex, telefax, telita (Malaysian videotex) or in person. Some of the enquiries received need lengthy and in depth research by the staff of the National Library. Often similar enquiries reoccur. Under the manual system, 5" x 8" cards, (arranged in alphabetical order by subject) were used to record these enquiries for use in the future. In order to provide greater access to the system, a reference enquiries retrieval system is being developed using micro CDS/ISIS for keeping the records of such requests. This will allow easy and fast access to the information in a more systematic and effective manner. It will also reflect the real information needs of users. This will enable the National Library to identify the various information resources that need to be developed in the near future for the fulfillment of these needs.

3.9. Planning and Development Project System

One of the functions of the National Library of Malaysia is to assist in the planning and development of public library services in the country. Under the Five Malaysian Plan Development Programme, the Government provides financial assistance through the National Library for upgrading public library services in the form of grants for renovating premises of new library services, collection building, acquisition of mobile library equipments and collections.

In order to monitor and control the funds allocated to each State, the Library is looking for a software package which can be used for monitoring Development projects. This package should keep such records as building plans, locations, land acreage, project costs, status of each project, cash flows, etc. The system should also include a graphic software that can provide graphic representation of the status of each building and provides information status of construction works, and should also anticipate problems.

The Planning and Development Division also provides advisory services to any institution intending to set up library services or to upgrade library facilities. Such feasibility study reports can easily be done using wordprocessors. Statistical data on library collections, memberships and library services for different types of library in Malaysia are collected and compiled by the Division for inclusion in the Social Statistic Bulletin of the Statistic Department of Malaysia. Use of statistical software on microcomputer can provide avenues for better analysis from different perspectives for effective decision making.

3.10. Interlibrary Lending System

Microcomputers can be used in the administration of interlibrary lending. The multitude of tasks involved in interlibrary loan such as creation of request, printing and sending of requests, control and monitoring of loans, re-application of loan, compilation of statistics and reports of loans can be administered by using a microcomputer with relevant software which can be linked to telecommunication facilities for electronic mail system. At present libraries are using telita (videotex) services for making reference enquiries and request for interlibrary loan. With the availability of electronic mail which can link up microcomputers in libraries at different locations, request forms can be transmitted and printed at the borrowing library's microcomputer printer.

Ede and Wheatley report that microcomputers and general purpose software packages can be successfully used in the automation of aspects of interlibrary lending systems, at low cost and with minimal expertise. Their review includes the following software packages:

• AIM (Administration of Interlending by Microcomputer) supported by the British Library Lending Division and undertaken by Leicester Polytechnic Library.

• FILLS (Fast Inter-Library Loans and Statistics) developed by the Health Science Resource Center, MacNeal Hospital, Berwyn, Illinois.

• AFRIKA (Automatiska Fjarrlane Rutiner i ett Kraftfullt Arrangemang) developed by the Library at Linkoping University in Sweden.

• OCLA Micro Enhancer, developed by the OCLC network at Dublin, Ohio.

The National Library will consider the above systems for utilization in the interlibrary lending process.

4. TELECOMMUNICATION FACILITIES

At present communication links among libraries in Malaysia are by telephone, telita, telex and telefax facilities. In 1984 the Syarikat Telekom Malaysia launched the MAYPAC (Malaysian packet Switching Telecommunication Services) which provides libraries with facilities to link up and access local as well as foreign databases. Microcomputers with appropriate communication software and modem can be used to link up to other libraries through the MAYPAC Services. Microcomputers can also be converted as TELITA terminals (videotex services) if proper interface modifiers and monitors are attached to them. TELITA services provides facilities such as retrieval of information from the common databases created by Information Providers, sending and receiving messages via the mailbox and response frames facilities closed group facilities where information treated as confidential can be accessed by specified user groups only.

The Malaysian Institute of Microelectronic Systems (MIMOS) has introduced RANGKUM and RANGKAI which provides networking facilities to research institutions and libraries. Using microcomputer, with UNIX-based facilities research institutions and libraries can be linked up to sent and receive information.

5. SOFTWARE MARKETING SCENE

At present there are a number of computer vendors that promote library software packages. The vendors are Computer Processing Services (M) Sdn. Bhd. which distributes ATLAS software which runs on DEC/VAX computers; International Computers (M) Sdn. Bhd distributes LIBRARY 39 software which runs on ICL computers; Formis Information Services distributes ALIS I & IcI software which runs on Tandem computers; Mesiniaga/IBM Sdn. Bhd. distributes DOBIS/LIBIS software which runs on IBM computers; KE Systems Sdn. Bhd. distribute ADLIB software which runs on Prime computers; Pernas Trading Sdn. Bhd. distributes the PALS system which runs on Burrough or Sperry computers; Sime Darby Technical Services Bhd. used to distribute the URICA system which runs on Microdata computers.

Two integrated library software that run on microcomputers are the SYDNEY LIBRARY SYSTEM distributed by Syarikat Systemstar and SISPUKOM distributed by Talasco Sdn. Bhd. SYDNEY LIBRARY SYSTEM runs on any IBM compatible microcomputers. SISPKOM, the only integrated library software developed and marketed in Malaysia, runs on Fujitsu mainframes as well as on any IBM compatible microcomputers. The system offers two library systems, the Library Information System which consists of the IRS (Information Retrieval Services), Acquisition, Cataloguing, Circulations, Serials, OPAC modules while the Library Administration System takes care of Personnel Information, Accounting and Decision making facilities.

6. CHALLENGES, ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

In the era of information explosion where the growth rate of publications are increasing at exponential rates while the libraries are facing budget reductions it is impossible for libraries to acquire all relevant publications that are available in the market. Sharing of resources among libraries is a must. Demand by users and researches with different levels of information needs imposes serious challenges on libraries.

Access to local and international databases, be it online services or through CD-ROM, is essential if these challenges are to be effectively met. Libraries need to introduce new technologies in order to cope with existing and future demands.

Advances in microcomputer technologies in the last few years offer not only new opportunities, and possibilities of meeting these challenges, but also create a new and modern library environment. In view of this the following developments in information technology merit serious consideration by libraries:

• availability of relatively cheap microcomputers and general software packages that can be used for library automation

• increasing microcomputer memory capacity for storing, manipulating, and retrieval of information, and providing easy access to a large amount of textual and graphic information

• high performance of microcomputer power in terms of speed

• the integration of computer and communication technologies which allows microcomputers to be linked using existing telephone lines or other dedicated lines

• the availability of databases in CD-ROM which allows libraries with microcomputer to access voluminous information from various commercial databases. Libraries need to take advantage of the availability of new technologies so that they can develop into truly integrated information centres. Introduction of these new technologies into library environments provides libraries with a new competitive edge over other information providers or information brokers.

However, in spite of these developments there are various issues and problems that need to be overcome in order to take full advantage of the potential use of microcomputers. Some of the issues are:

• Computer System incompatibility. Software developed for use in one microcomputer often cannot be used in another computer e.g..

Wordstar used for IBM cannot be loaded into Apple microcomputers.

This creates problems of data transportability from one system to the other if a library has two computer systems;

• Standardization of data format. From the findings of the survey conducted by the National Library it appears that many libraries use general software packages for library applications. Each library tends to develop its own data structure for different systems which makes it difficult to exchange data or to merge data to create a common database on a particular system of common interest in the future;

• Prolific software development. There are a number of general software packages available for microcomputers. However, prolific software development from one version to another imposes training problems. It is onerous for library staff to train, to familiarize and to keep up with the new developments in order to utilize the software effectively. Often a new version with better facilities is introduced before the library is able to fully implement the last version. Acquisition of a new software packages needs to be planned carefully to take advantage of its capabilities and relevancy to library requirements;

• Lack of expertise among libraries. General purpose software packages need expertise to design data structures for permanent library applications. Lack of expertise in system design and programming techniques results in delays in implementation, under-utilization of computer facilities and poor data administration. There is a need to continuously train different levels of staff for library automation particularly on different types of software packages

• Optimizing use of microcomputers. It requires good data administration to plan and administer for maximum use of microcomputers. Files created in micros need to be supervised and deleted when they are no longer of use. Back-up and split files need to be administered carefully. Often files no more of use remain on the hard disc for far too long.

• Financial implications. Though the cost of microcomputer is reducing, the cost of software is increasing. To some libraries it is still beyond the means of their library budget.

7. PREPARATION OF STAFF FOR AUTOMATION

In preparation for automation, the National Library of Malaysia has taken various measures to develop expertise and to expose staff to the new technologies:

• Cooperation with local computer vendors to organize series of seminars and talks on new trends and developments in computer technologies and on specific library applications automation. The National Library organized a series of 11 such talks in 1987. These talks were for the staff of the National Library as well as for staff of other libraries. The objectives of such seminars are to inform librarians on the availability of library software packages in the market and also to assist them in the understanding of new technologies;

• Specific training programmes for library staff by having local and foreign experts to conduct workshops on specific library applications

• Working with training institute such as INTAN Computer Centre, to provide regular Computer Appreciation courses and specific software package training such as DBase III, Wordstar, Lotus etc.

• Introduction of a Computer Appreciation course in the syllabus for the Library Assistants courses I & II, which are conducted by the National Library. An indexing package using CDS/ISIS software is being developed for use in practical session

• Sending staff to attend Seminars held by computer vendors when promoting their new products

8. FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS

The following are some considerations for future plans among libraries in Malaysia:

• Formation of User Groups on specific library applications e.g. CDS/ISIS User Group, Microcomputer User Group, etc wherein libraries can exchange ideas on new developments, discuss common problems etc on specific computer applications

• Formation of a library software package clearing house as a referral centre to which librarians can refer when developing a new system for libraries. It could also serve other libraries which have developed specific systems and are wanting to share it for use in other libraries. The USM library offers a fine local example of such a clearing house. The USM library has developed a regional network known as the SEARRAG (South East Asia Research Review Group) database, which attempts to document research undertaken on Education. The data structure using the CDS/ISIS software package was developed by the USM Library which also undertook the tasks of software installation and training in the participating countries. Data entry is made on diskettes which are then forwarded to the USM library which acts as the clearing house. To date about 300 records have been received from Thailand and 500 records from Malaysia. In the Philippines plans are underway to convert 12 volumes of retrospective records on the subject

• Developing standards for data structure for specific library applications. The National Library has formed a Committee to develop common data structures for indexing, and reference enquiries retrieval system which can also be used in other libraries especially Common User Scheme Libraries. Other libraries that have developed data structures for particular library applications on microcomputer should be able to share them for use in other libraries so that standard data structures can be designed for common use among libraries

• Formation of specialized centres of excellence. Libraries with related functions or interests cooperate together developing common databases using microcomputers

• Establishing networking among libraries in which smaller libraries having microcomputers would be able to become a part of a bigger library network

• Setting up Computer Laboratories with microcomputer facilities to be used for user education session. This will enable librarians to interact with library users in the use of new technologies

• Development of Community information system. This will encourage public libraries having microcomputers to operate SubInformation-Providers of Telita (videotex) Services.

The National Library's new building is under construction and expected to be completed in 1990. The new library would have Computer facilities including a Computer Laboratory and a Computer Centre.

This review of microcomputer applications in Malaysian libraries demonstrates the tremendous possibilities that new information

technologies such as microcomputers and telecommunications offer to developing countries, especially libraries. With the use of appropriate technology, developing countries can now leapfrog into the information age.

REFERENCES

An analysis of a survey on usage of CD-ROM in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur : National Library of Malaysia, 1987. [unpublished].

Application of minicomputers and microcomputers to information handling. Paris : General Information Programme and UNISIST, UNESCO, 1981.

Chen, Ching-chih and Stacey E. Bressler, eds. Microcomputers in libraries. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 1982. (Applications in information management and technology).

Collier, Mel, ed. Microcomputer software for information management : case studies.

Aldershot, Hunts: Gower publishing, 1986.

Costa, Betty and Marie Costa. A micro handbook for small libraries and media centers. Littleton, Colorado: Libraries Unlimited, 1983.

Ede, S.J. and Wheatley, M.L., "The use of microcomputers in interlibrary lending," Interlending and Document Supply 13 (3): 63 - 70 (1985).

Honhart, Frederick, "The application microcomputer based local systems with the MARC AMC format," Library Trends 36 (3): 585-592 (Winter 1988).

Jacso, Peter, Andras Szucs, and Sandon Varga, "Micro-CDS/ISIS: A bibliographic information management software from UNESCO," Microcomputers for Information Management 3 (3) : 173-198 (September 1986).

"Library workstations : a survey of available hardware and software application," Library Technology Reports 24 (1): (Jan - Feb 1980).

Malaysian Databases: Directory of Institutional Resources. Kuala Lumpur: National Library of Malaysia, 1989.

Roose, Tina, "Computerized reference tools for the next decade: Taking the plunge with CD-ROM," Library Journal 113 (17): 56-61 (October 1988).

Specification for turnkey integrated library computer system. Kuala Lumpur : National Library of Malaysia, 1988.

User guide for national library project : newspaper articles indexing. Kuala Lumpur : NIE Computers Sdn. Bhd, 1982 [Unpublished].

The Virginia Tech Library system: An introduction to the VTLS acquisition and fund accounting system. Blacksburg, VA. : VTLS, Inc, 1988

Wall, Celica, "Newspaper indexing: using an IBM mainframe computer and a text-formatting program," Information Technology and Libraries 6 (1): 34-39 (March 87).